Relative Clauses używamy
Zdania względne są częścią zdań złożonych i dostarczają ważnych informacji o osobie lub rzeczy.
The person who called you is my brother.
This is the restaurant where we first met.
Istnieją dwa rodzaje zdań względnych:
- Definiujące zdania względne przekazują istotne informacje
- Niedefiniujące zdania względne przekazują dodatkowe, nieistotne informacje
Defining Relative Clauses
Zdania względne definiujące przekazują istotne informacje, dlatego nie można ich usunąć z zdania.- nie są oddzielane przecinkami
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zaimek względny można zastąpić słowem “that”
The teacher who helped me was very kind. The teacher that helped me was very kind.The laptop which I bought yesterday is expensive. The laptop that I bought yesterday is expensive.
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w niektórych przypadkach zaimek względny who / which / that można pominąć, gdy pełni funkcję dopełnienia w zdaniu podrzędnym
The movie that we watched yesterday was amazing. The movie we watched yesterday was amazing.The person who I met at the conference was very friendly. The person I met at the conference was very friendly.The book which she recommended helped me a lot. The book she recommended helped me a lot.
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po słowach all, everything, nothing, something, anything, the only, the first, the last zazwyczaj nie używamy which ani who — zwykle używamy that.
All that we need now is a little patience.
Everything that he said was true.
Nothing that you do can change the situation.
Something that you told me yesterday made me think.
Anything that helps you learn is worth trying.
She is the only person that understands me.
This is the first book that really inspired me.
That was the last message that he sent me.
Defining Relative Clauses examples
The student who sits next to me is from Brazil.
The car that I bought last year is already having problems.
The restaurant where we usually have lunch is closed today.
The woman whose laptop was stolen called the security guard.
The book that you recommended helped me understand the topic.
Non-defining Relative Clauses
nieokreślone zdania względne dostarczają dodatkowych, nieistotnych informacji, które można usunąć bez zmiany głównego znaczenia.-
zawsze są oddzielone przecinkami
My sister, who lives in Paris, is visiting me next month.
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używamy who / which / whose / whom; nie możemy używać that
This book, which was published in 1990, is now very rare.
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w zdaniach nieokreślonych zaimek względny nie może być pominięty
The museum, where we spent the whole day, is being renovated.
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Which może odnosić się do całego poprzedniego zdania i komentować sytuację
She didn’t come to the meeting, which surprised everyone.
Defining Relative Clauses examples
My brother, who works as a lawyer, lives in London.
This laptop, which I bought on sale, has a very good battery life.
Our teacher, who is very strict, rarely cancels classes.
The museum, which was founded in 1920, attracts thousands of visitors every year.
Paris, where I spent my childhood, will always feel like home to me.