Speculation and Deduction: gaplar, mashqlar, testlar va misollar

Speculation and Deduction foydalanamiz

Taxmin va mantiqiy xulosa chiqarish biz taxmin qilganimizda va bilganlarimizga, ko‘rganlarimizga, eshitganlarimizga yoki ehtimol deb hisoblagan narsalarga asoslanib mantiqiy xulosalar chiqarganimizda ishlatiladi. Biz ko‘pincha must, may, might, could, can’t va should kabi modal fe’llardan foydalanamiz. Ular bizga deyarli amin ekanimizni, nimadir mumkin, imkonsiz yoki kutilayotgan ekanini ko‘rsatishga yordam beradi.

She looks exhausted. She must be working too hard.
U charchaganga o‘xshaydi. U juda qattiq ishlayotgan bo‘lsa kerak.
He may have missed the train.
U poyezdni o'tkazib yuborgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
They can’t be at home. All the lights are off.
Ular uyda bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Barcha chiroqlar o‘chirilgan.
His shoes are muddy. He must have been walking in the rain.
Uning oyoq kiyimlari loy bo‘lib ketgan. U yomg‘irda yurgan bo‘lsa kerak.
The parcel should arrive tomorrow.
Posilka ertaga yetib kelishi kerak.

Speculation and Deduction Forma

Bu mavzuda biz modal fe’lni ishonchlilik darajasiga va gap hozirgi zamon, hozir davom etayotgan jarayon, o‘tmishdagi natija yoki hozirgacha davom etayotgan faoliyat haqida ketayotganiga qarab tanlaymiz. Modal fe’llarning ko‘pchiligidan keyin bare infinitive (tosiz) ishlatiladi. Bu yerda asosiy istisno — ought to. Tugallangan o‘tgan zamondagi harakat uchun odatda have + V3, jarayon uchun esa be + Ving yoki have been + Ving ishlatiladi.

must + V1
must + be + adjective / noun / Ving
may / might / could + V1
may / might / could + be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + V1
can’t / couldn’t + be + adjective / noun / Ving
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have been + adjective / noun / Ving
should / ought to + V1
should / ought to + be + adjective / noun / Ving
should / ought to + have + V3

She must know the answer.
U javobni bilishi kerak.
They might be waiting outside.
Ular tashqarida kutayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
He can’t have forgotten your birthday.
U sizning tug‘ilgan kuningizni unutgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas.
She must have been working all night.
U butun tun ishlayotgan bo‘lsa kerak.
The meeting should start soon.
Uchrashuv tez orada boshlanishi kerak.

Speculation and Deduction Qoidalar

must = strong deduction
should / ought to = expectation
may / might / could = possibility
can’t / couldn’t = impossibility

  • Must kuchli xulosa uchun ishlatiladi: biz biror narsa rost ekaniga deyarli aminmiz, chunki bunga ishonish uchun dalilimiz yoki mantiqiy sababimiz bor. Bu 100% fakt emas, ammo bu juda ishonchli xulosadir.
    Their car is outside. They must be at home.
    Ularning mashinasi tashqarida. Ular uyda bo‘lishlari kerak.
    She is out of breath. She must have been running.
    U hansirab qolgan. U yugurib kelgan bo‘lsa kerak.
  • May, might va could biror narsa mumkin bo‘lganda, lekin biz ishonch hosil qilmaganimizda ishlatiladi. Odatda, may va might ma’no jihatidan juda yaqin bo‘ladi, might esa ko‘pincha biroz noaniqroq eshitiladi. Could ham ko‘pincha ehtimollikni ifodalaydi.
    The noise may be coming from the neighbours.
    Shovqin qo‘shnilardan kelayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
    He might have left already.
    U allaqachon ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
    It could be the wrong address.
    Bu noto‘g‘ri manzil bo‘lishi mumkin.
  • Ijobiy xulosalarda biz odatda “mumkin” ma’nosida can ni ishlatmaymiz. Uning o‘rniga odatda could, may yoki might ni ishlatamiz. Can ko‘proq so‘roqlarda, inkoriy xulosalarda yoki imkoniyat haqidagi umumiy bayonotlarda qo‘llanadi.
    ❌ It can be John at the door.
    ✅ It could / may / might be John at the door.
  • Can’t va couldn’t biror narsani imkonsiz deb o‘ylaganimizda yoki kuchli ishonchsizlik yoxud hayratni bildirish uchun ishlatiladi. Hozirgi vaziyatlar uchun can’t ko‘proq qo‘llanadi; o‘tgan zamon uchun esa ko‘pincha can’t have + V3 yoki couldn’t have + V3 dan foydalanamiz.
    You can’t be serious!
    Siz jiddiy bo‘la olmaysiz!
    That couldn’t be right.
    Bu to‘g‘ri bo‘lishi mumkin emas edi.
    Hannah can’t have said that. It doesn’t sound like her.
    Hannah bunday degan bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Bu unga o‘xshamaydi.
  • Agar biz hozir sodir bo‘layotgan biror narsa haqida jarayon sifatida gapiradigan bo‘lsak, modal fe’ldan keyin ko‘pincha be + Ving ni ishlatamiz.
    Amanda might be doing the dishes.
    Amanda idishlarni yuvayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
    He must be talking to the manager right now.
    U hozir menejer bilan gaplashayotgan bo‘lsa kerak.
  • Agar xulosa o‘tmishda tugallangan harakatga taalluqli bo‘lsa, biz odatda have + V3 dan foydalanamiz.
    ✅ She must have forgotten the keys.
    ✅ They might have taken a taxi.
    ✅ He can’t have seen the message.
  • Agar biz hozirgacha yoki o‘tmishdagi bir nuqtagacha davom etib kelgan faoliyat haqida xulosa chiqarmoqchi bo‘lsak, ko‘pincha have been + Ving dan foydalanamiz.
    Her hands are dirty. She must have been gardening.
    Uning qo‘llari kir. U bog‘da ishlagan bo‘lsa kerak.
    They look exhausted. They may have been travelling all night.
    Ular juda charchagan ko‘rinadi. Ular tun bo‘yi sayohat qilgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
  • Ushbu mavzuda should va ought to ko‘pincha kutilishni ifodalaydi: biz biror narsa reja, jadval yoki odatiy sharoitlarga ko‘ra ehtimol to‘g‘ri yoki sodir bo‘lishi mumkin deb o‘ylaymiz. Ought to biroz rasmiyroq va kamroq qo‘llanadi. Muhim: boshqa kontekstlarda should have + V3 majburiyat, maslahat yoki tanqidni ifodalashi mumkin, deduksiyani emas, shuning uchun by now, soon yoki tomorrow kabi vaqt ko‘rsatkichlari kutilish ma’nosini ko‘proq aniqlashtiradi.
    The train should be here by now.
    Poyezd hozirgacha bu yerda bo‘lishi kerak edi.
    They should have arrived by now.
    Ular hozirgacha yetib kelishgan bo‘lishi kerak.
    The parcel ought to arrive tomorrow.
    Jo‘natma ertaga yetib kelishi kerak.
  • Zaif salbiy ehtimollik uchun may not va might not dan foydalanamiz: boshqacha aytganda, “ehtimol yo‘q”. Couldn’t shakli odatda shunchaki zaif ehtimollikni emas, imkonsizlikni bildiradi.
    ✅ There might not be enough food for everyone.
    ❌ There couldn’t be enough food for everyone. (if you only mean “maybe not”)
    He might not have seen your message yet.
    U hali xabaringizni ko‘rmagan bo‘lishi mumkin.
  • Mustn’t odatda xulosa chiqarish uchun ishlatilmaydi. U odatda taqiq ma’nosini bildiradi. Agar biror narsa imkonsiz ekanini aytmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, mustn’t emas, can’t dan foydalaning.
    ❌ He mustn’t be at home. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
    ✅ He can’t be at home.
    ✅ You mustn’t park here. (prohibition)
  • Modal fe’llardan tashqari, taxminni boshqa so‘zlar bilan ham ifodalash mumkin: ehtimol, ehtimoldan yiroq, albatta, balki va aniq.
    She is likely to forget about the meeting.
    Uchrashuvni unutib qo‘yishi ehtimoli katta.
    That mistake was bound to happen sooner or later.
    O‘sha xato ertami-kechmi baribir sodir bo‘lishi aniq edi.

Speculation and Deduction Inkor

Bu mavzuda inkor shakllari ma’noga bog‘liq. May not / might not = biror narsa to‘g‘ri emas bo‘lishi mumkin. Can’t / couldn’t = bu mumkin emas. Shouldn’t biror narsa ehtimol to‘g‘ri emasligi yoki ehtimol sodir bo‘lmasligi kerakligi haqidagi kutishni ifodalashi mumkin. Mustn’t odatda inkoriy xulosa emas, taqiq ma’nosini bildiradi.

may not / might not + V1 / be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + V1 / be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + have + V3 / have been + Ving
shouldn’t + V1 / be + adjective / have + V3
mustn’t + V1 = prohibition

He may not know the address.
U manzilni bilmasligi mumkin.
There might not be enough time.
Vaqt yetarli bo‘lmasligi mumkin.
They can’t be waiting outside in this weather.
Ular bunday ob-havoda tashqarida kutib turgan bo‘lishlari mumkin emas.
She can’t have taken your bag. She wasn’t even here.
U sizning sumkangizni olgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas. U hatto bu yerda ham emas edi.
There shouldn’t be any problem now.
Endi hech qanday muammo bo‘lmasligi kerak.
You mustn’t park here.
Bu yerga mashina qo‘yish mumkin emas.

Speculation and Deduction Savollar

Taxmin haqidagi savollarda biz ko‘pincha can, could, should va Do you think ...? kabi tuzilmalardan foydalanamiz. might bilan to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri savollar tuzish mumkin, ammo ular ko‘pincha rasmiyroq yoki kundalik suhbatda kamroq tabiiy eshitiladi. must bilan savollar ham mumkin, ammo ular ko‘pincha hissiy, ritorik yoki kamroq neytral eshitiladi.

Can / Could + subject + be + adjective / noun / Ving?
Could + subject + have + V3?
Wh-word + do you think + subject + may / might / could + V1 / have + V3?
Should + subject + V1 / be + adjective?

Could she be sleeping?
U uxlayotgan bo‘lishi mumkinmi?
Can he really be serious?
U rostdan ham jiddiymi?
What do you think might have happened here?
Sizningcha, bu yerda nima sodir bo‘lgan bo‘lishi mumkin?
Should they be here by now?
Ular hozirgacha shu yerda bo‘lishlari kerakmidi?
Do you think he could have missed the email?
Sizningcha, u elektron xatni ko‘rmay qolgan bo‘lishi mumkinmi?

Speculation and Deduction Odatdagi xatolar

❌ She must to be tired.
✅ She must be tired.
❌ He must has left.
✅ He must have left.
❌ They can’t have went home.
✅ They can’t have gone home.
❌ She mights be busy.
✅ She might be busy.
❌ It can be John at the door.
✅ It could / may / might be John at the door.
❌ He mustn’t be at home. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t be at home.
❌ He mustn’t have forgotten the meeting. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t have forgotten the meeting.
❌ They should came by now.
✅ They should have come by now.

Speculation and Deduction Gaplar

She isn’t answering. She might be having a meeting.
U javob bermayapti. Balki uning yig‘ilishi bordir.
Look at the wet street. It must have rained.
Ho‘l ko‘chaga qara. Yomg‘ir yog‘gan bo‘lsa kerak.
This key can’t be the right one.
Bu kalit to‘g‘risi bo‘lishi mumkin emas.
They may have taken the earlier bus.
Ular oldingi avtobusga chiqib ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
The children are quiet. They must be sleeping.
Bolalar jim. Ular uxlayotgan bo‘lishlari kerak.
He could be working from home today.
U bugun uydan ishlayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
The guests should arrive around eight.
Mehmonlar soat sakkizlar atrofida yetib kelishlari kerak.
You can’t have seen Anna there. She is abroad.
Siz u yerda Annani ko‘rgan bo‘la olmaysiz. U chet elda.
There might not be enough chairs for everyone.
Hamma uchun yetarli stullar bo‘lmasligi mumkin.
Do you think he might know the answer?
Sizningcha, u javobni bilishi mumkinmi?
She looks sunburnt. She must have been sitting outside all afternoon.
U kuyib qolganga o‘xshaydi. U tushdan keyin butun vaqt tashqarida o‘tirgan bo‘lsa kerak.
The package ought to be here by Friday.
Paket juma kunigacha shu yerda bo‘lishi kerak.

Speculation and Deduction Misollar

The office is dark, so they must have left already.
Ofis qorong‘i, demak ular allaqachon ketgan bo‘lishi kerak.
Sarah might be waiting for us downstairs.
Sara pastda bizni kutayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
That sound could be coming from the kitchen.
Bu ovoz oshxonadan kelayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
He can’t be the new intern. He introduced himself as the manager.
U yangi stajyor bo‘lishi mumkin emas. U o‘zini menejer deb tanishtirdi.
The flight should land in about twenty minutes.
Samolyot taxminan yigirma daqiqada qo‘nishi kerak.
She may not have understood what you meant.
U siz nazarda tutgan narsani tushunmagan bo‘lishi mumkin.
They could have forgotten to lock the door.
Ular eshikni qulflashni unutgan bo‘lishi mumkin.
It is unlikely to snow here in April.
Aprel oyida bu yerda qor yog‘ishi ehtimoldan yiroq.
This problem was bound to happen after the update.
Bu muammo yangilanishdan keyin sodir bo‘lishi muqarrar edi.
Could he still be driving home?
U hali ham mashinada uyga ketayotgan bo‘lishi mumkinmi?
Her hands are dirty. She must have been gardening.
Uning qo‘llari kir. U bog‘da ishlagan bo‘lsa kerak.
There shouldn’t be much traffic at this time of night.
Bu vaqtda yo‘llarda tirbandlik ko‘p bo‘lmasligi kerak.

Ilovada mavjud ingliz tili grammatikasi mashqlari

Tenses

Future Simple Present Simple Present Perfect Present Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Be going to

Adjectives/Adverbs

Superlatives Comparatives

Conditionals

Second Conditional First Conditional Third Conditional Zero Conditional

Sentences

Relative Clauses Conjunctions Reported Speech There is / There are There was / There were

Verbs

Used to To be used to To get used to

Modals

Should or Shouldn't May or Might and Infinitive Modal Verbs Can / Can't Speculation and Deduction

Nouns and Articles

Countable and Uncountable Singular and Plural Nouns Uncountable and Plural