Speculation and Deduction: sözlemler, maşklar, synaglar we mysallar

Speculation and Deduction ulanyarys

Çaklama we Logiki Netije Çykarma biz bir zat barada çak edenimizde we bilýän, görýän, eşidýän ýa-da ähtimal hasaplaýan zadymyza esaslanyp logiki netijeler çykaranymyzda ulanylýar. Biz köplenç must, may, might, could, can’t we should ýaly modal işlikleri ulanýarys. Olar bize bir zada tas doly ynanýandygymyzy, bir zadyň mümkindigini, mümkin däldigini ýa-da garaşylýandygyny görkezmäge kömek edýär.

She looks exhausted. She must be working too hard.
Ol örän ýadaw görünýär. Ol gaty köp işleýän bolmaly.
He may have missed the train.
Ol otlyny sypdyran bolmagy mümkin.
They can’t be at home. All the lights are off.
Olar öýde bolup bilmezler. Ähli çyralar öçük.
His shoes are muddy. He must have been walking in the rain.
Onuň aýakgabylary palçykly. Ol ýagyşda pyýada ýöriş eden bolmaly.
The parcel should arrive tomorrow.
Bukja ertir gelip ýetmeli.

Speculation and Deduction Forma

Bu mowzukda biz modal işligi ynanyş derejesine we häzirki zaman, häzir dowam edýän proses, geçmişdäki netije ýa-da häzire çenli dowam edip gelýän iş barada gürrüň edýändigimize görä saýlaýarys. Modal işlikleriň köpüsinden soň ýalaňaç infinitiw (to-syz) ulanýarys. Bu ýerde esasy kadadan çykma ought to-dur. Geçmişde tamamlanan hereket üçin adatça have + V3, proses üçin bolsa be + Ving ýa-da have been + Ving ulanýarys.

must + V1
must + be + adjective / noun / Ving
may / might / could + V1
may / might / could + be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + V1
can’t / couldn’t + be + adjective / noun / Ving
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have been + adjective / noun / Ving
should / ought to + V1
should / ought to + be + adjective / noun / Ving
should / ought to + have + V3

She must know the answer.
Ol jogaby bilmeli.
They might be waiting outside.
Olar daşarda garaşýan bolup bilerler.
He can’t have forgotten your birthday.
Ol seniň doglan günüňi ýatdan çykaryp bilmez.
She must have been working all night.
Ol bütin gije işleýän bolmaly.
The meeting should start soon.
Duşuşyk tiz wagtdan başlamaly.

Speculation and Deduction Düzgünlik

must = strong deduction
should / ought to = expectation
may / might / could = possibility
can’t / couldn’t = impossibility

  • Must güýçli netijä gelmek üçin ulanylýar: biz bir zadyň dogrudygyny subutnamamyzyň ýa-da oňa ynanmaga logiki sebäbimiziň bardygy üçin diýen ýaly ynanýarys. Bu 100% hakykat däl, ýöne bu örän ynamly netijedir.
    Their car is outside. They must be at home.
    Olaryň maşyny daşarda. Olar öýdedirler.
    She is out of breath. She must have been running.
    Ol demi-dem alýar. Ol ylgap gelen bolmaly.
  • Bir zadyň mümkin bolandygyny, ýöne oňa doly ynamly däldigimizi aýdanymyzda, may, might we could ulanylýar. Adatça, may bilen might many taýdan biri-birine örän ýakyndyr, emma might köplenç azajyk has ikirjiňlenmeli ýaly eşidilýär. Could hem köplenç mümkinçiligi aňladýar.
    The noise may be coming from the neighbours.
    Ses goňşulardan gelip durýan bolup biler.
    He might have left already.
    Ol eýýäm gidip giden bolmagy mümkin.
    It could be the wrong address.
    Bu nädogry salgy bolup biler.
  • Tassyklaýjy netijenamalarda, adatça “mümkin” diýen manyny bermek üçin can ulanmaýarys. Onuň ýerine köplenç could, may ýa-da might ulanýarys. Can soraglarda, inkär netijenamalarda ýa-da mümkinçiligiň umumy beýanynda has köp ulanylýar.
    ❌ It can be John at the door.
    ✅ It could / may / might be John at the door.
  • Can’t we couldn’t bir zadyň mümkin däldigini pikir edenimizde ýa-da güýçli ynamsyzlygy ýa-da geň galmagy görkezmek üçin ulanylýar. Häzirki ýagdaýlar üçin can’t has köp ulanylýar; geçmiş üçin bolsa, biz köplenç can’t have + V3 ýa-da couldn’t have + V3 ulanýarys.
    You can’t be serious!
    Sen çynlakaý bolmaly däl!
    That couldn’t be right.
    Bu dogry bolup bilmezdi.
    Hannah can’t have said that. It doesn’t sound like her.
    Hannah muny aýdandyr öýdemok. Bu onuň diýşi ýaly eşidilmeýär.
  • Eger biz häzir bolup geçýän bir zat barada proses hökmünde gürrüň etsek, köplenç modal işlikden soň be + Ving ulanýarys.
    Amanda might be doing the dishes.
    Amanda gap-gaçlary ýuwýan bolmagy mümkin.
    He must be talking to the manager right now.
    Ol häzir menejer bilen gepleşýän bolmaly.
  • Eger çaklama geçmişde tamamlanan herekete degişli bolsa, biz köplenç have + V3 ulanýarys.
    ✅ She must have forgotten the keys.
    ✅ They might have taken a taxi.
    ✅ He can’t have seen the message.
  • Eger biz häzirki wagta çenli ýa-da geçmişde belli bir wagta çenli dowam edip gelen işjeňlik barada netije çykarmak islesek, köplenç have been + Ving gurluşyny ulanýarys.
    Her hands are dirty. She must have been gardening.
    Onuň elleri hapa. Ol bag bilen meşgullanan bolmaly.
    They look exhausted. They may have been travelling all night.
    Olar örän ýadaw görünýärler. Olar bütin gije ýolagçylyk eden bolmagy mümkin.
  • Bu mowzukda should we ought to köplenç garaşylýşy aňladýar: biz bir zadyň ähtimal dogrudygyny ýa-da meýilnama, tertipnama ýa-da adaty ýagdaýlara görä bolup geçmeginiň mümkindigini pikir edýäris. Ought to biraz has resmi we az ulanylýar. Möhüm: başga ýagdaýlarda, should have + V3 borç, maslahat ýa-da tankyt aňladyp biler, deduksiýa däl, şonuň üçin by now, soon ýa-da tomorrow ýaly wagt görkezijileri garaşylýan manyny has aýdyň edip biler.
    The train should be here by now.
    Otly häzirlikçe bärde bolmalydy.
    They should have arrived by now.
    Olar şu wagta çenli gelip ýeten bolmaly.
    The parcel ought to arrive tomorrow.
    Bölek ertir gelmeli.
  • Gowşak otrisatel mümkinçiligi aňlatmak üçin may not we might not ulanýarys: başgaça aýdylanda, “belki däl”. Couldn’t görnüşi adatça diňe gowşak mümkinçiligi däl-de, mümkin däldigi aňladýar.
    ✅ There might not be enough food for everyone.
    ❌ There couldn’t be enough food for everyone. (if you only mean “maybe not”)
    He might not have seen your message yet.
    Ol heniz siziň habaryňyzy görmändir.
  • Mustn’t adatça netijä gelmek üçin ulanylmaýar. Ol köplenç gadaganlygy aňladýar. Eger bir zadyň mümkin däldigini aýtmak isleseňiz, mustn’t däl-de, can’t ulanyň.
    ❌ He mustn’t be at home. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
    ✅ He can’t be at home.
    ✅ You mustn’t park here. (prohibition)
  • Modal işliklerden başga-da, çaklama beýleki sözler arkaly hem beýan edilip bilner: ähtimal ...-dyr, ähtimal ...-däldir, hökmany suratda ...-dyr, ähtimal we hökmany suratda.
    She is likely to forget about the meeting.
    Ol duşuşyk barada ýatdan çykarmagy ähtimal.
    That mistake was bound to happen sooner or later.
    Şol ýalňyşlyk ir-u-giç bolmaly zatdy.

Speculation and Deduction Inkär

Bu mowzukda, inkär görnüşleri manysyna baglydyr. May not / might not = bir zadyň dogry däldigi mümkindir. Can’t / couldn’t = bu mümkin däl. Shouldn’t bir zadyň ähtimal dogry däldigi ýa-da ähtimal bolmaly däl bir ýagdaýdygyny bildirip biler. Mustn’t adatça inkär netijä däl, gadaganlygy aňladýar.

may not / might not + V1 / be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + V1 / be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + have + V3 / have been + Ving
shouldn’t + V1 / be + adjective / have + V3
mustn’t + V1 = prohibition

He may not know the address.
Ol salgynyň salgysyny bilmezligi mümkin.
There might not be enough time.
Wagt ýeterlik bolman biler.
They can’t be waiting outside in this weather.
Olar beýle howada daşarda garaşyp bilmezler.
She can’t have taken your bag. She wasn’t even here.
Ol seniň sumkaňy alyp bilmezdi. Ol hatda bu ýerde-de ýokdy.
There shouldn’t be any problem now.
Indi hiç hili mesele bolmaly däl.
You mustn’t park here.
Bu ýerde awtoulag goýup bolmaýar.

Speculation and Deduction Soraglar

Çaklama baradaky soraglarda biz köplenç can, could, should we Do you think ...? ýaly gurluşlary ulanýarys. might bilen göni soraglar mümkin, ýöne olar köplenç has resmi ýa-da gündelik gepleşikde azrak tebigy eşidilýär. must bilen soraglar hem mümkin, ýöne olar köplenç duýguly, ritoriki ýa-da azrak bitarap eşidilýär.

Can / Could + subject + be + adjective / noun / Ving?
Could + subject + have + V3?
Wh-word + do you think + subject + may / might / could + V1 / have + V3?
Should + subject + V1 / be + adjective?

Could she be sleeping?
Ol uklap ýatyrmyka?
Can he really be serious?
Ol hakykatdanam çynlakaýmy?
What do you think might have happened here?
Seniň pikiriňçe, bu ýerde näme bolup geçen bolmagy mümkin?
Should they be here by now?
Olar häzir bu ýerde bolmalymy?
Do you think he could have missed the email?
Ol e-poçtany sypdyran bolup bilermi?

Speculation and Deduction Adaty ýalňyşlyklar

❌ She must to be tired.
✅ She must be tired.
❌ He must has left.
✅ He must have left.
❌ They can’t have went home.
✅ They can’t have gone home.
❌ She mights be busy.
✅ She might be busy.
❌ It can be John at the door.
✅ It could / may / might be John at the door.
❌ He mustn’t be at home. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t be at home.
❌ He mustn’t have forgotten the meeting. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t have forgotten the meeting.
❌ They should came by now.
✅ They should have come by now.

Speculation and Deduction Sözlemler

She isn’t answering. She might be having a meeting.
Ol jogap bermeýär. Belki, ol ýygnak geçirýändir.
Look at the wet street. It must have rained.
Çygly köçä seret. Ýagyş ýagan bolmaly.
This key can’t be the right one.
Bu açar dogry açar bolup bilmez.
They may have taken the earlier bus.
Olar öňki awtobusa münen bolmagy mümkin.
The children are quiet. They must be sleeping.
Çagalar ümsüm. Olar ýatýan bolmaly.
He could be working from home today.
Ol şu gün öýden işleýär bolmagy mümkin.
The guests should arrive around eight.
Myhmanlar takmynan sekizlerde gelmeli.
You can’t have seen Anna there. She is abroad.
Sen Annany ol ýerde görüp bilmersiň. Ol daşary ýurtda.
There might not be enough chairs for everyone.
Ählisi üçin ýeterlik oturgyç bolman biler.
Do you think he might know the answer?
Onuň jogaby bilmegi mümkin diýip pikir edýärsiňmi?
She looks sunburnt. She must have been sitting outside all afternoon.
Ol güne ýanan ýaly görünýär. Ol öýlän bilen daşaryda oturan bolmaly.
The package ought to be here by Friday.
Bukja anna gününe çenli şu ýerde bolmaly.

Speculation and Deduction Mysallar

The office is dark, so they must have left already.
Ofis garaňky, şonuň üçin olar eýýäm gidendirler.
Sarah might be waiting for us downstairs.
Sara aşakda bize garaşýan bolmagy mümkin.
That sound could be coming from the kitchen.
Şol ses aşhanadan gelýän bolup biler.
He can’t be the new intern. He introduced himself as the manager.
Ol täze tejribeçi bolup bilmez. Ol özüni menejer diýip tanyşdyrdy.
The flight should land in about twenty minutes.
Uçuş takmynan ýigrimi minutdan gonmaly.
She may not have understood what you meant.
Ol seniň näme diýmek isländigiňe düşünmedik hem bolup biler.
They could have forgotten to lock the door.
Olar gapyny gulplamagy unudan bolup bilerler.
It is unlikely to snow here in April.
Aprelde bu ýerde gar ýagmagy ähtimal däl.
This problem was bound to happen after the update.
Bu mesele täzelenmeden soň hökman bolmalydy.
Could he still be driving home?
Ol henizem öýüne tarap maşyn sürüp barýan bolup bilermikä?
Her hands are dirty. She must have been gardening.
Onuň elleri hapa. Ol bag bilen meşgullanan bolmaly.
There shouldn’t be much traffic at this time of night.
Gijäniň bu wagtynda kän ulag bolmaly däl.

Programmada elýeterli iňlis grammatikasy boýunça maşklar

Tenses

Future Simple Present Simple Present Perfect Present Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Be going to

Adjectives/Adverbs

Superlatives Comparatives

Conditionals

Second Conditional First Conditional Third Conditional Zero Conditional

Sentences

Relative Clauses Conjunctions Reported Speech There is / There are There was / There were

Verbs

Used to To be used to To get used to

Modals

Should or Shouldn't May or Might and Infinitive Modal Verbs Can / Can't Speculation and Deduction

Nouns and Articles

Countable and Uncountable Singular and Plural Nouns Uncountable and Plural