Speculation and Deduction: stavki, vaje, testi in primeri

Speculation and Deduction uporabljamo

Sklepanje in domnevanje uporabljamo, ko domnevamo in sprejemamo logične sklepe na podlagi tega, kar vemo, vidimo, slišimo ali se nam zdi verjetno. Najpogosteje uporabljamo naklonske glagole, kot so must, may, might, could, can’t in should. Pomagajo nam pokazati, da smo skoraj prepričani, da je nekaj mogoče, nemogoče ali pričakovano.

She looks exhausted. She must be working too hard.
Videti je izčrpana. Verjetno dela preveč.
He may have missed the train.
Morda je zamudil vlak.
They can’t be at home. All the lights are off.
Ne morejo biti doma. Vse luči so ugasnjene.
His shoes are muddy. He must have been walking in the rain.
Njegovi čevlji so blatni. Verjetno je hodil po dežju.
The parcel should arrive tomorrow.
Paket bi moral prispeti jutri.

Speculation and Deduction Oblika

V tej temi izberemo modalni glagol glede na stopnjo gotovosti in glede na to, ali govorimo o sedanjosti, trenutno potekajočem procesu, preteklim rezultatu ali dejavnosti, ki traja do zdaj. Za večino modalnih glagolov uporabljamo goli nedoločnik (brez to). Glavna izjema tukaj je ought to. Za zaključeno preteklo dejanje običajno uporabljamo have + V3, za proces pa be + Ving ali have been + Ving.

must + V1
must + be + adjective / noun / Ving
may / might / could + V1
may / might / could + be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + V1
can’t / couldn’t + be + adjective / noun / Ving
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have been + adjective / noun / Ving
should / ought to + V1
should / ought to + be + adjective / noun / Ving
should / ought to + have + V3

She must know the answer.
Ona mora vedeti odgovor.
They might be waiting outside.
Morda čakajo zunaj.
He can’t have forgotten your birthday.
Ni mogoče, da bi pozabil na tvoj rojstni dan.
She must have been working all night.
Morala je delati vso noč.
The meeting should start soon.
Sestanek bi se moral kmalu začeti.

Speculation and Deduction Pravilo

must = strong deduction
should / ought to = expectation
may / might / could = possibility
can’t / couldn’t = impossibility

  • Must uporabljamo za močan sklep: skoraj smo prepričani, da je nekaj res, ker imamo dokaze ali logičen razlog, da v to verjamemo. To ni 100-odstotno dejstvo, ampak je zelo samozavesten zaključek.
    Their car is outside. They must be at home.
    Njihov avto je zunaj. Morajo biti doma.
    She is out of breath. She must have been running.
    Zadihana je. Verjetno je tekla.
  • May, might in could uporabljamo, kadar je nekaj mogoče, vendar nismo prepričani. Običajno sta may in might po pomenu zelo blizu, pri čemer might pogosto zveni nekoliko bolj negotovo. Could prav tako pogosto izraža možnost.
    The noise may be coming from the neighbours.
    Hrup morda prihaja od sosedov.
    He might have left already.
    Morda je že odšel.
    It could be the wrong address.
    Morda je naslov napačen.
  • Pri pritrdilnih sklepih običajno ne uporabljamo can v pomenu »mogoče je«. Običajno namesto tega uporabljamo could, may ali might. Can je pogostejši v vprašanjih, nikalnih sklepih ali splošnih trditvah o možnosti.
    ❌ It can be John at the door.
    ✅ It could / may / might be John at the door.
  • Can’t in couldn’t uporabljamo, kadar menimo, da je nekaj nemogoče, ali kadar izražamo močno nejevero ali presenečenje. Za sedanje situacije je pogostejši can’t; za preteklost pogosto uporabljamo can’t have + V3 ali couldn’t have + V3.
    You can’t be serious!
    Saj ne moreš biti resen!
    That couldn’t be right.
    To ni moglo biti prav.
    Hannah can’t have said that. It doesn’t sound like her.
    Hannah tega ni mogla reči. To ji ni podobno.
  • Če govorimo o nečem, kar se dogaja zdaj kot proces, pogosto uporabimo biti + Ving za načinim glagolom.
    Amanda might be doing the dishes.
    Amanda morda pomiva posodo.
    He must be talking to the manager right now.
    Prav zdaj se mora pogovarjati z vodjo.
  • Če se sklep nanaša na zaključeno dejanje v preteklosti, običajno uporabimo have + V3.
    ✅ She must have forgotten the keys.
    ✅ They might have taken a taxi.
    ✅ He can’t have seen the message.
  • Če želimo sklepati o dejavnosti, ki je trajala do zdaj ali do neke točke v preteklosti, pogosto uporabimo have been + Ving.
    Her hands are dirty. She must have been gardening.
    Njene roke so umazane. Verjetno je vrtnarila.
    They look exhausted. They may have been travelling all night.
    Videti so izčrpani. Morda so potovali vso noč.
  • Should in ought to v tej temi pogosto izražata pričakovanje: menimo, da je nekaj verjetno res ali da se bo verjetno zgodilo v skladu z načrtom, urnikom ali običajnimi okoliščinami. Ought to je nekoliko bolj formalen in manj pogost. Pomembno: v drugih kontekstih lahko should have + V3 izraža obveznost, nasvet ali kritiko, ne pa sklepanja, zato časovni označevalci, kot so by now, soon ali tomorrow, pogosto jasneje nakažejo pomen pričakovanja.
    The train should be here by now.
    Vlak bi moral biti že tukaj.
    They should have arrived by now.
    Do zdaj bi morali že prispeti.
    The parcel ought to arrive tomorrow.
    Paket bi moral prispeti jutri.
  • Za šibko negativno možnost uporabljamo may not in might not: z drugimi besedami, »morda ne«. Oblika couldn’t običajno izraža nemožnost, ne le šibke možnosti.
    ✅ There might not be enough food for everyone.
    ❌ There couldn’t be enough food for everyone. (if you only mean “maybe not”)
    He might not have seen your message yet.
    Morda še ni videl tvojega sporočila.
  • Mustn’t se običajno ne uporablja za sklepanje. Običajno pomeni prepoved. Če želite povedati, da je nekaj nemogoče, uporabite can’t, ne mustn’t.
    ❌ He mustn’t be at home. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
    ✅ He can’t be at home.
    ✅ You mustn’t park here. (prohibition)
  • Poleg modalnih glagolov se lahko ugibanje izrazi tudi z drugimi besedami: verjetno bo, malo verjetno bo, zagotovo bo, verjetno in zagotovo.
    She is likely to forget about the meeting.
    Verjetno bo pozabila na sestanek.
    That mistake was bound to happen sooner or later.
    Ta napaka je bila prej ali slej neizogibna.

Speculation and Deduction Zanikanje

Pri tej temi so nikalne oblike odvisne od pomena. May not / might not = možno je, da nekaj ni res. Can’t / couldn’t = to je nemogoče. Shouldn’t lahko izraža pričakovanje, da nekaj verjetno ni v redu ali da se to verjetno ne bi smelo zgoditi. Mustn’t običajno pomeni prepoved, ne nikalnega sklepanja.

may not / might not + V1 / be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + V1 / be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + have + V3 / have been + Ving
shouldn’t + V1 / be + adjective / have + V3
mustn’t + V1 = prohibition

He may not know the address.
Morda ne pozna naslova.
There might not be enough time.
Morda ne bo dovolj časa.
They can’t be waiting outside in this weather.
Ne morejo čakati zunaj v takšnem vremenu.
She can’t have taken your bag. She wasn’t even here.
Ni mogla vzeti tvoje torbe. Sploh je ni bilo tukaj.
There shouldn’t be any problem now.
Zdaj ne bi smelo biti nobene težave.
You mustn’t park here.
Tukaj ne smeš parkirati.

Speculation and Deduction Vprašanja

Pri vprašanjih o ugibanju pogosto uporabljamo can, could, should in strukture, kot je Do you think ...? Neposredna vprašanja z might so možna, vendar pogosto zvenijo bolj formalno ali manj naravno v vsakdanjem pogovoru. Tudi vprašanja z must so možna, vendar pogosto zvenijo čustveno, retorično ali manj nevtralno.

Can / Could + subject + be + adjective / noun / Ving?
Could + subject + have + V3?
Wh-word + do you think + subject + may / might / could + V1 / have + V3?
Should + subject + V1 / be + adjective?

Could she be sleeping?
Ali morda spi?
Can he really be serious?
Je lahko resen?
What do you think might have happened here?
Kaj misliš, da bi se tukaj lahko zgodilo?
Should they be here by now?
Ali bi morali biti že tukaj?
Do you think he could have missed the email?
Misliš, da je mogoče spregledal e-pošto?

Speculation and Deduction Tipične napake

❌ She must to be tired.
✅ She must be tired.
❌ He must has left.
✅ He must have left.
❌ They can’t have went home.
✅ They can’t have gone home.
❌ She mights be busy.
✅ She might be busy.
❌ It can be John at the door.
✅ It could / may / might be John at the door.
❌ He mustn’t be at home. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t be at home.
❌ He mustn’t have forgotten the meeting. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t have forgotten the meeting.
❌ They should came by now.
✅ They should have come by now.

Speculation and Deduction Stavki

She isn’t answering. She might be having a meeting.
Ne odgovarja. Morda ima sestanek.
Look at the wet street. It must have rained.
Poglej mokro ulico. Moralo je deževati.
This key can’t be the right one.
Ta ključ ne more biti pravi.
They may have taken the earlier bus.
Morda so šli z zgodnejšim avtobusom.
The children are quiet. They must be sleeping.
Otroci so tiho. Verjetno spijo.
He could be working from home today.
Morda danes dela od doma.
The guests should arrive around eight.
Gostje naj bi prispeli okoli osmih.
You can’t have seen Anna there. She is abroad.
Anne tam nisi mogel videti tam. Je v tujini.
There might not be enough chairs for everyone.
Morda ne bo dovolj stolov za vse.
Do you think he might know the answer?
Ali misliš, da morda pozna odgovor?
She looks sunburnt. She must have been sitting outside all afternoon.
Videti je opečena od sonca. Verjetno je vse popoldne sedela zunaj.
The package ought to be here by Friday.
Paket bi moral biti tukaj do petka.

Speculation and Deduction Primeri

The office is dark, so they must have left already.
Pisarna je temna, torej so očitno že odšli.
Sarah might be waiting for us downstairs.
Sarah nas morda čaka spodaj.
That sound could be coming from the kitchen.
Ta zvok bi lahko prihajal iz kuhinje.
He can’t be the new intern. He introduced himself as the manager.
Ne more biti novi pripravnik. Predstavil se je kot vodja.
The flight should land in about twenty minutes.
Letalo bi moralo pristati čez približno dvajset minut.
She may not have understood what you meant.
Morda ni razumela, kaj si mislil.
They could have forgotten to lock the door.
Morda so pozabili zakleniti vrata.
It is unlikely to snow here in April.
Malo verjetno je, da bo tukaj aprila snežilo.
This problem was bound to happen after the update.
Ta težava je bila po posodobitvi neizogibna.
Could he still be driving home?
Ali je mogoče, da se še vedno vozi domov?
Her hands are dirty. She must have been gardening.
Njene roke so umazane. Verjetno je vrtnarila.
There shouldn’t be much traffic at this time of night.
Ob tej nočni uri ne bi smelo biti veliko prometa.

Vaje angleške slovnice, ki so na voljo v aplikaciji

Tenses

Future Simple Present Simple Present Perfect Present Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Be going to

Adjectives/Adverbs

Superlatives Comparatives

Conditionals

Second Conditional First Conditional Third Conditional Zero Conditional

Sentences

Relative Clauses Conjunctions Reported Speech There is / There are There was / There were

Verbs

Used to To be used to To get used to

Modals

Should or Shouldn't May or Might and Infinitive Modal Verbs Can / Can't Speculation and Deduction

Nouns and Articles

Countable and Uncountable Singular and Plural Nouns Uncountable and Plural