Speculation and Deduction: abairtí, cleachtaí, tástálacha agus samplaí

Speculation and Deduction úsáidimid

Úsáidtear Tuairimíocht agus Tátal nuair a dhéanaimid tuairimíocht agus nuair a bhainimid tátail loighciúla as an méid atá ar eolas againn, a fheicimid, a chloisimid, nó a mheasaimid a bheith dóchúil. Is minic a úsáidimid briathra modha amhail must, may, might, could, can’t, agus should. Cabhraíonn siad linn a léiriú go bhfuilimid beagnach cinnte, go bhfuil rud éigin indéanta, dodhéanta, nó ionchasach.

She looks exhausted. She must be working too hard.
Tá cuma traochta uirthi. Caithfidh sí a bheith ag obair róchrua.
He may have missed the train.
Seans gur chaill sé an traein.
They can’t be at home. All the lights are off.
Ní féidir leo a bheith sa bhaile. Tá na soilse go léir múchta.
His shoes are muddy. He must have been walking in the rain.
Tá a bhróga lofa le láib. Caithfidh sé go raibh sé ag siúl sa bháisteach.
The parcel should arrive tomorrow.
Ba cheart go dtiocfadh an beartán amárach.

Speculation and Deduction Fhoirm

Sa topaic seo, roghnaímid an briathar módach ag brath ar an méid cinnteachta agus ar cibé an bhfuilimid ag caint faoin láithreach, faoi phróiseas atá ar siúl anois, faoi thoradh san am atá thart, nó faoi ghníomhaíocht atá ag leanúint go dtí seo. Tar éis fhormhór na mbriathra módacha, úsáidimid an infinideach lom (gan to). Is é an phríomh-eisceacht anseo ná ought to. Le haghaidh gníomh críochnaithe san am atá thart, úsáidimid de ghnáth have + V3, agus le haghaidh próisis úsáidimid be + Ving nó have been + Ving.

must + V1
must + be + adjective / noun / Ving
may / might / could + V1
may / might / could + be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + V1
can’t / couldn’t + be + adjective / noun / Ving
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have + V3
must / may / might / could / can’t / couldn’t + have been + adjective / noun / Ving
should / ought to + V1
should / ought to + be + adjective / noun / Ving
should / ought to + have + V3

She must know the answer.
Caithfidh sí an freagra a bheith ar eolas aici.
They might be waiting outside.
B’fhéidir go bhfuil siad ag fanacht amuigh.
He can’t have forgotten your birthday.
Ní féidir gur dhearmad sé do bhreithlá.
She must have been working all night.
Caithfidh go raibh sí ag obair ar feadh na hoíche.
The meeting should start soon.
Ba chóir go dtosódh an cruinniú go luath.

Speculation and Deduction Riail

must = strong deduction
should / ought to = expectation
may / might / could = possibility
can’t / couldn’t = impossibility

  • Úsáidtear must chun bainteach láidir a chur in iúl: táimid beagnach cinnte go bhfuil rud éigin fíor mar go bhfuil fianaise againn nó cúis loighciúil againn chun é a chreidiúint. Ní fíric 100% é, ach is conclúid an-mhuiníneach í.
    Their car is outside. They must be at home.
    Tá a gcarr amuigh. Caithfidh siad a bheith sa bhaile.
    She is out of breath. She must have been running.
    Tá sí as análú. Caithfidh go raibh sí ag rith.
  • Úsáidtear may, might, agus could nuair atá rud éigin indéanta, ach níl muid cinnte. De ghnáth, tá may agus might an-chosúil ó thaobh brí de, cé go mbíonn might beagán níos amhrasaí go minic. Is minic freisin a chuireann could féidearthacht in iúl.
    The noise may be coming from the neighbours.
    D’fhéadfadh an torann a bheith ag teacht ó na comharsana.
    He might have left already.
    B’fhéidir go bhfuil sé imithe cheana féin.
    It could be the wrong address.
    D’fhéadfadh sé gurb é an seoladh mícheart é.
  • I dtátail dhearfacha, ní úsáidimid can de ghnáth leis an mbrí “is féidir”. Is gnách linn could, may, nó might a úsáid ina ionad. Tá can níos coitianta i gceisteanna, i dtátail dhiúltacha, nó i ráitis ghinearálta féidearthachta.
    ❌ It can be John at the door.
    ✅ It could / may / might be John at the door.
  • Úsáidtear can’t agus couldn’t nuair a cheapaimid go bhfuil rud éigin dodhéanta, nó nuair a léirímid míchreideamh láidir nó iontas. I gcásanna san aimsir láithreach, tá can’t níos coitianta; don aimsir chaite, is minic a úsáidimid can’t have + V3 nó couldn’t have + V3.
    You can’t be serious!
    Ní féidir leat a bheith dáiríre!
    That couldn’t be right.
    Ní fhéadfadh sé sin a bheith ceart.
    Hannah can’t have said that. It doesn’t sound like her.
    Ní fhéadfadh Hannah é sin a bheith ráite aici. Ní cosúil léi é sin.
  • Má labhraímid faoi rud atá ag tarlú anois mar phróiseas, is minic a úsáidimid be + Ving i ndiaidh an bhriathair mhódúil.
    Amanda might be doing the dishes.
    Seans go bhfuil Amanda ag déanamh an níocháin.
    He must be talking to the manager right now.
    Caithfidh sé a bheith ag caint leis an mbainisteoir faoi láthair.
  • Má thagraíonn an bhaint chonclúideach do ghníomh críochnaithe san am a chuaigh thart, is gnách dúinn have + V3 a úsáid.
    ✅ She must have forgotten the keys.
    ✅ They might have taken a taxi.
    ✅ He can’t have seen the message.
  • Más mian linn teacht ar chonclúid faoi ghníomhaíocht a bhí ag leanúint ar aghaidh go dtí seo nó go dtí pointe san am atá thart, is minic a úsáidimid have been + Ving.
    Her hands are dirty. She must have been gardening.
    Tá a lámha salach. Caithfidh go raibh sí ag garraíodóireacht.
    They look exhausted. They may have been travelling all night.
    Tá cuma traochta orthu. Seans go raibh siad ag taisteal ar feadh na hoíche.
  • Is minic a chuireann should agus ought to sa topaic seo ionchas in iúl: measaimid gur dócha go bhfuil rud éigin fíor nó gur dócha go dtarlóidh sé de réir plean, sceidil, nó gnáthchúinsí. Tá ought to beagán níos foirmiúla agus ní úsáidtear chomh minic é. Tábhachtach: i gcomhthéacsanna eile, is féidir le should have + V3 oibleagáid, comhairle, nó cáineadh a chur in iúl, ní asbhaint, mar sin is minic a dhéanann comharthaí ama ar nós faoin am seo, go luath, nó amárach brí an ionchais níos soiléire.
    The train should be here by now.
    Ba cheart go mbeadh an traein anseo faoin am seo.
    They should have arrived by now.
    Ba cheart dóibh a bheith tagtha faoin am seo.
    The parcel ought to arrive tomorrow.
    Ba chóir go dtiocfadh an beartán amárach.
  • Maidir le féidearthacht dhiúltach lag, úsáidimid may not agus might not: i bhfocail eile, “b’fhéidir nach”. Is gnách go léiríonn an fhoirm couldn’t dodhéantacht, seachas díreach féidearthacht lag.
    ✅ There might not be enough food for everyone.
    ❌ There couldn’t be enough food for everyone. (if you only mean “maybe not”)
    He might not have seen your message yet.
    Seans nach bhfaca sé do theachtaireacht fós.
  • De ghnáth, ní úsáidtear mustn’t chun tátal a bhaint as rud éigin. Is gnách go gciallaíonn sé toirmeasc. Más mian leat a rá go bhfuil rud éigin dodhéanta, úsáid can’t, ní mustn’t.
    ❌ He mustn’t be at home. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
    ✅ He can’t be at home.
    ✅ You mustn’t park here. (prohibition)
  • Seachas briathra módúla, is féidir tuairimíocht a chur in iúl le focail eile freisin: is dócha go, ní dócha go, is cinnte go, dócha, agus go cinnte.
    She is likely to forget about the meeting.
    Is dócha go ndéanfaidh sí dearmad ar an gcruinniú.
    That mistake was bound to happen sooner or later.
    Bhí sé dosheachanta go dtarlódh an botún sin luath nó mall.

Speculation and Deduction Diúltú

Sa topaic seo, braitheann foirmeacha diúltacha ar an mbrí. May not / might not = is féidir nach bhfuil rud éigin fíor. Can’t / couldn’t = tá sé dodhéanta. Shouldn’t is féidir leis ionchas a chur in iúl gur dócha nach bhfuil rud éigin ceart nó gur dócha nár cheart dó tarlú. Mustn’t de ghnáth ciallaíonn sé toirmeasc, ní asbhaint dhiúltach.

may not / might not + V1 / be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + V1 / be + adjective / noun / Ving
can’t / couldn’t + have + V3 / have been + Ving
shouldn’t + V1 / be + adjective / have + V3
mustn’t + V1 = prohibition

He may not know the address.
B'fhéidir nach bhfuil an seoladh ar eolas aige.
There might not be enough time.
B’fhéidir nach mbeidh go leor ama ann.
They can’t be waiting outside in this weather.
Ní féidir leo a bheith ag fanacht amuigh sa aimsir seo.
She can’t have taken your bag. She wasn’t even here.
Ní fhéadfadh sí do mhála a bheith tógtha aici. Ní raibh sí anseo fiú.
There shouldn’t be any problem now.
Níor chóir go mbeadh aon fhadhb ann anois.
You mustn’t park here.
Ní ceadmhach duit páirceáil anseo.

Speculation and Deduction Ceisteanna

I gceisteanna faoi thuairimíocht, is minic a úsáidimid can, could, should, agus struchtúir cosúil le Do you think ...? Tá ceisteanna díreacha le might indéanta, ach is minic a fhuaimeann siad níos foirmiúla nó níos lú nádúrtha sa chomhrá laethúil. Tá ceisteanna le must indéanta freisin, ach is minic a fhuaimeann siad mothúchánach, reitriciúil, nó níos lú neodrach.

Can / Could + subject + be + adjective / noun / Ving?
Could + subject + have + V3?
Wh-word + do you think + subject + may / might / could + V1 / have + V3?
Should + subject + V1 / be + adjective?

Could she be sleeping?
An bhféadfadh sí a bheith ina codladh?
Can he really be serious?
An féidir leis a bheith dáiríre i ndáiríre?
What do you think might have happened here?
Cad a cheapann tú a d’fhéadfadh a bheith tar éis tarlú anseo?
Should they be here by now?
Ar cheart dóibh a bheith anseo faoin am seo?
Do you think he could have missed the email?
An gceapann tú go bhféadfadh sé gur chaill sé an ríomhphost?

Speculation and Deduction Botúin choitianta

❌ She must to be tired.
✅ She must be tired.
❌ He must has left.
✅ He must have left.
❌ They can’t have went home.
✅ They can’t have gone home.
❌ She mights be busy.
✅ She might be busy.
❌ It can be John at the door.
✅ It could / may / might be John at the door.
❌ He mustn’t be at home. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t be at home.
❌ He mustn’t have forgotten the meeting. (if you mean “that is impossible”)
✅ He can’t have forgotten the meeting.
❌ They should came by now.
✅ They should have come by now.

Speculation and Deduction Abairtí

She isn’t answering. She might be having a meeting.
Níl sí ag freagairt. B’fhéidir go bhfuil sí i gcruinniú.
Look at the wet street. It must have rained.
Féach ar an tsráid fhliuch. Caithfidh gur chuir sé báisteach.
This key can’t be the right one.
Ní féidir gurb í an eochair seo an ceann ceart.
They may have taken the earlier bus.
B’fhéidir gur thóg siad an bus níos luaithe.
The children are quiet. They must be sleeping.
Tá na páistí ciúin. Caithfidh siad a bheith ina gcodladh.
He could be working from home today.
D’fhéadfadh sé a bheith ag obair ón mbaile inniu.
The guests should arrive around eight.
Ba chóir do na haíonna teacht timpeall a hocht.
You can’t have seen Anna there. She is abroad.
Ní fhéadfá Anna a fheiceáil ansiúd. Tá sí thar lear.
There might not be enough chairs for everyone.
B’fhéidir nach mbeidh go leor cathaoireacha ann do chách.
Do you think he might know the answer?
An gceapann tú go mb’fhéidir go bhfuil an freagra ar eolas aige?
She looks sunburnt. She must have been sitting outside all afternoon.
Tá cuma dóite gréine uirthi. Caithfidh gur shuigh sí amuigh tráthnóna ar fad.
The package ought to be here by Friday.
Ba chóir go mbeadh an pacáiste anseo faoin Aoine.

Speculation and Deduction Samplaí

The office is dark, so they must have left already.
Tá an oifig dorcha, mar sin is dócha go bhfuil siad imithe cheana féin.
Sarah might be waiting for us downstairs.
Seans go bhfuil Sarah ag fanacht linn thíos staighre.
That sound could be coming from the kitchen.
D’fhéadfadh an fhuaim sin a bheith ag teacht ón gcistin.
He can’t be the new intern. He introduced himself as the manager.
Ní féidir gurb é an t-oiliúnaí nua é. Chuir sé é féin in aithne mar bhainisteoir.
The flight should land in about twenty minutes.
Ba chóir don eitilt teacht i dtír i gceann timpeall fiche nóiméad.
She may not have understood what you meant.
B’fhéidir nár thuig sí cad a bhí i gceist agat.
They could have forgotten to lock the door.
D’fhéadfadh sé gur dhearmad siad an doras a chur faoi ghlas.
It is unlikely to snow here in April.
Ní dócha go mbeidh sneachta anseo i mí Aibreáin.
This problem was bound to happen after the update.
Bhí an fhadhb seo dosheachanta tar éis an nuashonraithe.
Could he still be driving home?
An bhféadfadh sé a bheith fós ag tiomáint abhaile?
Her hands are dirty. She must have been gardening.
Tá a lámha salach. Caithfidh go raibh sí ag garraíodóireacht.
There shouldn’t be much traffic at this time of night.
Níor chóir go mbeadh mórán tráchta ag an am seo den oíche.

Cleachtaí gramadaí Béarla atá ar fáil san aip

Tenses

Future Simple Present Simple Present Perfect Present Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Be going to

Adjectives/Adverbs

Superlatives Comparatives

Conditionals

Second Conditional First Conditional Third Conditional Zero Conditional

Sentences

Relative Clauses Conjunctions Reported Speech There is / There are There was / There were

Verbs

Used to To be used to To get used to

Modals

Should or Shouldn't May or Might and Infinitive Modal Verbs Can / Can't Speculation and Deduction

Nouns and Articles

Countable and Uncountable Singular and Plural Nouns Uncountable and Plural